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DID YOU KNOW?

Exercise 2 covers the subtler reference errors — the ones that advanced writers still make under exam pressure.

Beyond simple ambiguity, pronoun reference errors include using this, that, or it to refer vaguely to a whole idea rather than a specific noun (The report was delayed. This caused problems. — what caused problems, exactly?). These broad-reference errors are common in IELTS Task 2 and TOEFL writing, and they pull down Coherence & Cohesion scores even when the ideas themselves are good.

Cambridge C2 Proficiency writing tasks expect zero ambiguity in reference. This exercise targets the specific constructions where reference breaks down most often at advanced level.